Skip to content Find what you're looking, and understand what you're looking at, by familiarising yourself with the vocabulary of the time
The English language is ever-changing. If you were to travel more than two centuries or so into the past, it's highly unlikely you'd be able to understand a word anyone said, such is the speed at which it evolves and adapts. This presents a challenge when researching newspapers from the 18 th and 19th centuries. Therefore, searching using spellings and phrases of the time is a must if you want to stand any chance of finding what you're looking for.
When searching for a word like 'assess', it might also be worth trying 'affess' and variations thereof. That's because in the 18th century, people hadn't yet made their minds up on the use of the letters f and s, as demonstrated below on the cover of a 1720 edition of the Newcastle Courant . This practise didn't die out until well into the 19th century, so if you're searching for the naval vessel on which your ancestor served, for example, you're probably looking for 'the naval veffel on which your anceftor ferv'd'.
Image © THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
It's always worth remembering, too, that spelling changes along with language. When searching British and Irish newspapers , take the differences in modern spelling into account, but also try a variation on them. In our research, variations on modern spelling that we see frequently - particularly in 18th century newspapers - include 'compleat', 'publick', 'Catholick' and 'negociations'. Words like these - with a hard c, a longer e or a soft t - are often adapted in this way.
Another variation is to replace the final 'e' in a word with an apostrophe, for example 'conceal'd', 'assail'd', 'complain'd'. This won't, however, be the case with words where the 'e' is shorter, such as 'repeated', 'assaulted' or 'taken'.
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Wildcards can help you to get around these spelling oddities when searching. Find out more about those here .
Words and Phrases of Note Some of the archaic words and phrases we've come across in our newspaper research.
Animadversion = Criticism or censure
Betimes = In good time or early
Calumnious = Slanderous or defamatory
Chidden = The past participle of 'chide'
Did away with themselves = Committed suicide
Leagues = One nautical league is around 3.4 miles and they are often referenced in accounts of naval encounters
Lucubrations = A pedantic and overelaborate piece of writing (credit to Merriam Webster for that one)
Puncheon = A barrel that contained alcohol
Scurrilities = Abusive or vulgar comments, accusations or writings
Wipe = Pocket handkerchief
Bark = 18th century English spelling of 'barque'
Man of War = A large warship, the term was used from the 16th century to the 19th
The war = The First World War. Of course, it didn't become the First World War until the second had taken place!
Apothecary = Predecessors to modern pharmacists
Farinaceous = To have a mealy surface - often used when describing skin complaints
Humours = Liquids believed to help maintain health
Imbecile = An unpleasant catch-all term for people with severe mental health problems or disabilities
Slang, Including Criminal Terms Shake some dummies = Pick some pockets
Shop-bouncers = Shop lifters
Soup-meagre = An 18th century meat-free soup, also used as an insulting term for the French, as seen in the below anecdote
Image © THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Image © THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
By no means comprehensive, this list is intended to highlight a few archaic phrases and words we're particularly fond of, but also to introduce you to the idea of adapting your search terms to reflect the language of the era you're researching. Not finding what your looking for in the newspapers? Head to Google and see if there's an old-fashioned replacement for the search terms you're using.
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If you were to travel more than two centuries or so into the past, it's highly unlikely you'd be able to understand a word anyone said, such is the speed at which it evolves and adapts. This presents a challenge when researching newspapers from the 18\nth and 19th centuries. Therefore, searching using spellings and phrases of the time is a must if you want to stand any chance of finding what you're looking for.\n","spans":[]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"heading3","text":"Special Substitutes","spans":[]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"When searching for a word like 'assess', it might also be worth trying 'affess' and variations thereof. That's because in the 18th century, people hadn't yet made their minds up on the use of the letters f and s, as demonstrated below on the cover of a 1720 edition of the \nNewcastle Courant. This practise didn't die out until well into the 19th century, so if you're searching for the naval vessel on which your ancestor served, for example, you're probably looking for 'the naval veffel on which your anceftor ferv'd'.\n","spans":[{"start":274,"end":291,"type":"em"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyImage","type":"image","label":null,"fields":[{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyImageFields","image":{"dimensions":{"width":474,"height":519},"alt":"Image © THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.","copyright":null,"url":"https://images.prismic.io/findmypast-titan/a317fef97a8ee6642a677c6f897902ad4356082c_980x.jpg?auto=compress,format"},"caption":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Image © THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.","spans":[]}]}]},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"heading3","text":"Archaic Spellings","spans":[]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"It's always worth remembering, too, that spelling changes along with language. When \nsearching British and Irish newspapers, take the differences in modern spelling into account, but also try a variation on them. In our research, variations on modern spelling that we see frequently - particularly in 18th century newspapers - include 'compleat', 'publick', 'Catholick' and 'negociations'. Words like these - with a hard c, a longer e or a soft t - are often adapted in this way.\n","spans":[{"start":85,"end":123,"type":"hyperlink","data":{"link_type":"Web","url":"https://search.findmypast.com.au/search/british-newspapers"}}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Another variation is to replace the final 'e' in a word with an apostrophe, for example 'conceal'd', 'assail'd', 'complain'd'. This won't, however, be the case with words where the 'e' is shorter, such as 'repeated', 'assaulted' or 'taken'.\n","spans":[]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyImage","type":"image","label":null,"fields":[{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyImageFields","image":{"dimensions":{"width":869,"height":172},"alt":"Image © THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.\n\n","copyright":null,"url":"https://images.prismic.io/findmypast-titan/5a7857f6949a9c6717afc891e25806b7c803c3d3_980x.jpg?auto=compress,format"},"caption":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Image © THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.\n\n","spans":[]}]}]},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Wildcards can help you to get around these spelling oddities when searching. Find out more about those \nhere.\n","spans":[{"start":104,"end":108,"type":"hyperlink","data":{"link_type":"Web","url":"https://blog.findmypast.com.au/maximize-search-returns-with-wildcards-1724347889.html"}}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyImage_with_link","type":"image_with_link","label":null,"fields":[{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyImage_with_linkFields","image_with_link":{"dimensions":{"width":980,"height":257},"alt":"archaic-terms-in-historical-newspapers-search-tips-genealogy-family-hi-image","copyright":null,"url":"https://images.prismic.io/findmypast-titan/dcd6eb5c43a129824d7ae68ec76324ca3983efc9_980x.png?auto=compress,format"},"link":{"__typename":"Prismic_ExternalLink","url":"https://www.findmypast.com.au/family-tree"},"caption":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"","spans":[]}]}]},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"heading3","text":"Words and Phrases of Note","spans":[]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Some of the archaic words and phrases we've come across in our newspaper research.\n","spans":[]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"heading3","text":"General","spans":[]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Animadversion = Criticism or censure\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":13,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Betimes = In good time or early\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":7,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Calumnious = Slanderous or defamatory\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":10,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Chidden = The past participle of 'chide'\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":7,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Did away with themselves = Committed suicide\n\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":25,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Leagues =One nautical league is around 3.4 miles and they are often referenced in accounts of naval encounters\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":8,"type":"strong"},{"start":9,"end":9,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Lucubrations = A pedantic and overelaborate piece of writing (credit to Merriam Webster for that one)\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":0,"type":"em"},{"start":0,"end":13,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Puncheon = A barrel that contained alcohol\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":0,"type":"em"},{"start":0,"end":8,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Scurrilities = Abusive or vulgar comments, accusations or writings\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":12,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Wipe = Pocket handkerchief\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":0,"type":"em"},{"start":0,"end":4,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"heading3","text":"Military and Naval","spans":[]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Bark= 18th century English spelling of 'barque'\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":4,"type":"strong"},{"start":4,"end":6,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Man of War = A large warship, the term was used from the 16th century to the 19th\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":0,"type":"hyperlink","data":{"link_type":"Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barque"}},{"start":0,"end":10,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"The war = The First World War. Of course, it didn't become the First World War until the second had taken place!\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":7,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"heading3","text":"Medical","spans":[]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Apothecary = Predecessors to modern pharmacists\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":0,"type":"strong"},{"start":0,"end":10,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Chirurgeon = Surgeon\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":11,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Farinaceous = To have a mealy surface - often used when describing skin complaints\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":0,"type":"em"},{"start":0,"end":11,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Humours = Liquids believed to help maintain health\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":7,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Imbecile = An unpleasant catch-all term for people with severe mental health problems or disabilities\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":0,"type":"em"},{"start":0,"end":8,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"heading3","text":"Slang, Including Criminal Terms","spans":[]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Bilker = Embezzler\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":0,"type":"strong"},{"start":0,"end":6,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Buzzmen = Pickpockets\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":7,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Pannymen = Housebreakers\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":8,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Shake some dummies = Pick some pockets\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":18,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Shop-bouncers = Shop lifters\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":13,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Soup-meagre = An 18th century meat-free soup, also used as an insulting term for the French, as seen in the below anecdote\n\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":0,"type":"em"},{"start":0,"end":11,"type":"strong"},{"start":123,"end":123,"type":"em"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyImage","type":"image","label":null,"fields":[{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyImageFields","image":{"dimensions":{"width":786,"height":345},"alt":"Image © THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD. 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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.","spans":[{"start":55,"end":55,"type":"em"}]}]}]},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Swell = A rich man\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":0,"type":"strong"},{"start":0,"end":5,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyText","type":"text","label":null,"primary":{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyTextPrimary","text":[{"type":"paragraph","text":"Traps = Police officers\n\n","spans":[{"start":0,"end":6,"type":"strong"}]}]}},{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyImage","type":"image","label":null,"fields":[{"__typename":"PrismicBlog_articleBodyImageFields","image":{"dimensions":{"width":526,"height":615},"alt":"Image © THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD. 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Head to Google and see if there's an old-fashioned replacement for the search terms you're 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